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A boiler is a closed vessel where drinking water or other liquid is heated. The fluid will not boil. (In North America, the word "furnace" is generally used if the reason is never to boil the liquid.) The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in a variety of processes or heating system applications,[1][2] including water heating, central heating system, boiler-based power era, food preparation, and sanitation. Materials The pressure vessel of a boiler is usually made of steel (or alloy steel), or historically of wrought iron. Stainless steel, of the austenitic types especially, is not found in wetted parts of boilers thanks to stress and corrosion corrosion breaking.[3] However, ferritic stainless steel is often found in superheater sections that will not be exposed to boiling drinking water, and electrically heated stainless steel shell boilers are allowed under the European "Pressure Equipment Directive" for production of steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.[4] [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler[/url] In live steam models, copper or brass is often used since it is more fabricated in smaller size boilers easily. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (especially for steam locomotives), due to its better formability and higher thermal conductivity; however, in newer times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and cheaper substitutes (such as metal) are used instead. For much of the Victorian "age of steam", the only material used for boilermaking was the best grade of wrought iron, with assembly by rivetting. This iron was often extracted from specialist ironworks, such as at Cleator Moor (UK), mentioned for the high quality of their rolled plate and its suitability for high-reliability use in critical applications, such as high-pressure boilers. In the 20th century, design practice relocated towards the utilization of steel instead, which is stronger and cheaper, with welded construction, which is quicker and requires less labour. It should be observed, however, that wrought iron boilers corrode considerably slower than their modern-day metal counterparts, and are less vunerable to localized pitting and stress-corrosion. This makes the durability of old wrought-iron boilers considerably more advanced than those of welded metal boilers. Cast iron might be utilized for the heating system vessel of domestic drinking water heaters. Although such heaters are usually termed "boilers" in some countries, their purpose is to create warm water usually, not steam, and so they run at low pressure and stay away from boiling. The brittleness of cast iron makes it impractical for high-pressure vapor boilers. Boiler Repairs East Sheen, SW14, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service [url=http://boiler-repairs-east-sheen.co.uk]Click here![/url] Energy The source of heating for a boiler is combustion of any of several fuels, such as wood, coal, oil, or gas. Electric vapor boilers use resistance- or immersion-type heating system elements. Nuclear fission is also used as a heat source for producing steam, either straight (BWR) or, in most cases, in specialised temperature exchangers called "vapor generators" (PWR). Heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) use the heat rejected from other procedures such as gas turbine. Boiler efficiency there are two methods to gauge the boiler efficiency 1) direct method 2) indirect method Immediate method -immediate method of boiler efficiency test is more useful or more common boiler efficiency =Q*((Hg-Hf)/q)*(GCV *100 ) Q =Total vapor flow Hg= Enthalpy of saturated steam in k cal/kg Hf =Enthalpy of feed drinking water in kcal/kg q= quantity of energy use in kg/hr GCV =gross calorific value in kcal/kg like pet coke (8200 kcal/KG) indirect method -to gauge the boiler efficiency in indirect method, we need a subsequent parameter like Ultimate analysis of energy (H2,S2,S,C moisture constraint, ash constraint) percentage of O2 or CO2 at flue gas flue gas temperature at outlet ambient temperature in deg c and humidity of air in kg/kg GCV of fuel in kcal/kg ash percentage in combustible fuel GCV of ash in kcal/kg Configurations Boilers can be classified into the following configurations: Container boiler or Haycock boiler/Haystack boiler: a primitive "kettle" where a fireplace heats a partially filled drinking water container from below. 18th century Haycock boilers generally produced and stored large amounts of very low-pressure vapor, hardly above that of the atmosphere often. These could burn wood or frequently, coal. Efficiency was very low. Flued boiler with one or two large flues-an early forerunner or type of fire-tube boiler. Diagram of the fire-tube boiler Fire-tube boiler: Here, drinking water partially fills a boiler barrel with a small volume remaining above to accommodate the steam (vapor space). This is the type of boiler used in all steam locomotives nearly. The heat source is inside a furnace or firebox that has to be held permanently surrounded by water in order to keep up the temperatures of the heating surface below the boiling point. The furnace can be situated at one end of the fire-tube which lengthens the path of the hot gases, thus augmenting the heating surface which may be further increased by making the gases reverse direction through a second parallel pipe or a lot of money of multiple tubes (two-pass or come back flue boiler); additionally the gases may be studied along the edges and then under the boiler through flues (3-move boiler). In case there is a locomotive-type boiler, a boiler barrel expands from the firebox and the hot gases go through a lot of money of fire tubes inside the barrel which greatly increases the heating surface in comparison to a single pipe and further enhances heat transfer. Fire-tube boilers have a comparatively low rate of vapor production usually, but high steam storage capacity. Fire-tube boilers burn off solid fuels mostly, but are easily adjustable to the people of the liquid or gas variety. Diagram of the water-tube boiler. Water-tube boiler: In this type, tubes filled with drinking water are arranged inside a furnace in several possible configurations. Usually the water pipes connect large drums, the lower ones filled with drinking water and top of the ones vapor and drinking water; in other instances, such as a mono-tube boiler, drinking water is circulated with a pump through a succession of coils. This kind generally provides high vapor production rates, but less storage space capacity than the above. Water tube boilers can be made to exploit any warmth source and are generally preferred in high-pressure applications since the high-pressure drinking water/vapor is contained within small size pipes which can withstand the pressure with a thinner wall structure. Flash boiler: A flash boiler is a specialized kind of water-tube boiler where tubes are close together and water is pumped through them. A flash boiler differs from the kind of mono-tube vapor generator in which the pipe is permanently filled up with water. Super fast boiler, the pipe is held so hot that water give food to is quickly flashed into vapor and superheated. Flash boilers got some use in automobiles in the 19th century which use continued in to the early 20th century. . 1950s design steam locomotive boiler, from a Victorian Railways J class Fire-tube boiler with Water-tube firebox. Sometimes both above types have been mixed in the next manner: the firebox includes an set up of water tubes, called thermic siphons. The gases go through a conventional firetube boiler then. Water-tube fireboxes were installed in many Hungarian locomotives,[citation needed] but have fulfilled with little success far away. Sectional boiler. Inside a solid iron sectional boiler, sometimes called a "pork chop boiler" the water is included inside solid iron areas.[citation needed] These areas are assembled on site to make the finished boiler. Safety See also: Boiler explosion To define and secure boilers safely, some professional specialized organizations like the American Society of Mechanical Designers (ASME) develop standards and regulation rules. For instance, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is a standard providing a wide range of rules and directives to ensure compliance of the boilers and other pressure vessels with protection, design and security standards.[5] Historically, boilers were a source of many serious injuries and property destruction due to badly understood engineering principles. Thin and brittle metallic shells can rupture, while welded or riveted seams could start badly, resulting in a violent eruption of the pressurized steam. When drinking water is converted to vapor it expands to over 1,000 times its original travels and volume down steam pipes at over 100 kilometres each hour. Because of this, steam is a superb way of moving energy and heat around a niche site from a central boiler house to where it is needed, but without the right boiler feed water treatment, a steam-raising flower are affected from range corrosion and formation. At best, this raises energy costs and can lead to poor quality vapor, reduced efficiency, shorter plant life and unreliable procedure. At worst, it can lead to catastrophic reduction and failing of life. Collapsed or dislodged boiler tubes can also squirt scalding-hot vapor and smoke from the air intake and firing chute, injuring the firemen who weight the coal into the fire chamber. Extremely large boilers providing hundreds of horsepower to operate factories can potentially demolish entire structures.[6] A boiler that has a loss of feed drinking water and is permitted to boil dry out can be extremely dangerous. If feed drinking water is sent into the clear boiler then, the small cascade of inbound water instantly boils on connection with the superheated steel shell and leads to a violent explosion that can't be managed even by basic safety steam valves. Draining of the boiler can also happen if a leak occurs in the vapor supply lines that is larger than the make-up drinking water supply could replace. The Hartford Loop was developed in 1919 by the Hartford Vapor Boiler and INSURANCE PROVIDER as a strategy to assist in preventing this problem from occurring, and thereby reduce their insurance promises.[7][8] Superheated steam boiler A superheated boiler on the steam locomotive. Main article: Superheater Most boilers produce steam to be used at saturation heat; that is, saturated vapor. Superheated steam boilers vaporize the water and additional heat the steam in a superheater then. This provides vapor at higher temperatures, but can decrease the overall thermal efficiency of the steam generating herb because the bigger vapor heat takes a higher flue gas exhaust temperature.[citation needed] There are many ways to circumvent this problem, by giving an economizer that heats the give food to water typically, a combustion air heater in the hot flue gas exhaust route, or both. There are advantages to superheated steam that may, and will often, increase overall efficiency of both steam generation and its own utilization: increases in input temp to a turbine should outweigh any cost in additional boiler problem and expense. There may be practical limitations in using moist steam also, as entrained condensation droplets will harm turbine blades. Superheated steam presents unique safety concerns because, if any system component fails and allows steam to escape, the temperature and pressure can cause serious, instantaneous injury to anyone in its path. Since the escaping steam will be completely superheated vapor, detection can be difficult, although the extreme heat and sound from such a leak indicates its presence clearly. Superheater operation is similar to that of the coils on an air conditioning unit, although for a different purpose. The vapor piping is directed through the flue gas path in the boiler furnace. The temperatures in this area is normally between 1,300 and 1,600 °C (2,372 and 2,912 °F). Some superheaters are radiant type; that is, they absorb temperature by rays. Others are convection type, absorbing temperature from a liquid. Some are a combination of both types. Through either method, the extreme heat in the flue gas path will heat the superheater steam piping and the steam within also. While the heat of the steam in the superheater goes up, the pressure of the steam does not and the pressure remains exactly like that of the boiler.[9] Almost all steam superheater system designs remove droplets entrained in the steam to prevent harm to the turbine blading and associated piping. Supercritical steam generator Boiler for a power place. Main article: Supercritical steam generator Supercritical steam generators are used for the production of energy frequently. They operate at supercritical pressure. In contrast to a "subcritical boiler", a supercritical steam generator operates at such a high pressure (over 3,200 psi or 22 MPa) that the physical turbulence that characterizes boiling ceases to occur; the fluid is liquid nor gas but a super-critical fluid neither. There is absolutely no generation of steam bubbles within the water, because the pressure is above the critical pressure point of which steam bubbles can form. As the liquid expands through the turbine levels, its thermodynamic state drops below the critical point as it can work turning the turbine which changes the power generator that power is eventually extracted. The fluid at that time may be considered a mix of vapor and liquid droplets as it passes into the condenser. This leads to somewhat less energy use and for that reason less greenhouse gas production. The term "boiler" should not be used for a supercritical pressure steam generator, as no "boiling" occurs in this product. Boiler Repairs East Sheen, SW14, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service [url=http://boiler-repairs-east-sheen.co.uk]More info![/url] Accessories Boiler accessories and fittings Pressuretrols to control the vapor pressure in the boiler. Boilers generally have two or three 3 pressuretrols: a manual-reset pressuretrol, which functions as a protection by setting the top limit of steam pressure, the operating pressuretrol, which controls when the boiler fires to maintain pressure, as well as for boilers outfitted with a modulating burner, a modulating pressuretrol which controls the quantity of fire. Security valve: It is used to relieve pressure and stop possible explosion of a boiler. Water level indicators: They show the operator the level of liquid in the boiler, known as a sight cup also, water gauge or water column. Bottom level blowdown valves: They offer a way for removing solid particulates that condense and lie on the bottom of a boiler. As the name indicates, this valve is located straight on the bottom of the boiler usually, and is sometimes opened up to use the pressure in the boiler to force these particulates out. Continuous blowdown valve: This enables a small quantity of water to flee continuously. Its purpose is to prevent water in the boiler becoming saturated with dissolved salts. Saturation would lead to foaming and cause drinking water droplets to be transported over with the vapor - a disorder known as priming. Blowdown is also often used to monitor the chemistry of the boiler drinking water. Trycock: a type of valve that is often use to manually check a water level in a tank. Most found on a water boiler commonly. Flash tank: High-pressure blowdown enters this vessel where the steam can 'flash' safely and be used in a low-pressure system or be vented to atmosphere as the ambient pressure blowdown flows to drain. Automatic blowdown/continuous heat recovery system: This system allows the boiler to blowdown only when makeup water is flowing to the boiler, thereby transferring the maximum amount of heat possible from the blowdown to the makeup water. No flash container is normally needed as the blowdown discharged is near to the temperatures of the makeup water. Hand holes: They are metal plates installed in openings in "header" to allow for inspections & installation of tubes and inspection of inner surfaces. Steam drum internals, some screen, scrubber & cans (cyclone separators). Low-water cutoff: It is a mechanical means (usually a float change) that is used to turn off the burner or shut off fuel to the boiler to prevent it from jogging once the drinking water goes below a certain point. If a boiler is "dry-fired" (burnt without water in it) it can cause rupture or catastrophic failure. Surface blowdown series: It offers a means for removing foam or other light-weight non-condensible chemicals that tend to float on top of water inside the boiler. Circulating pump: It really is designed to circulate drinking water back again to the boiler after it has expelled some of its heat. Feedwater check valve or clack valve: A non-return stop valve in the feedwater line. This may be fitted to the side of the boiler, below the water level just, or to the top of the boiler.[10] Top feed: With this design for feedwater injection, water is fed to the very best of the boiler. This may reduce boiler exhaustion caused by thermal stress. By spraying the feedwater over a series of trays the water is quickly heated which can reduce limescale. Desuperheater tubes or bundles: Some pipes or bundles of tubes in the water drum or the vapor drum designed to cool superheated steam, in order to supply auxiliary equipment that will not need, or may be damaged by, dry vapor. Chemical substance injection line: A link with add chemicals for controlling feedwater pH. Steam accessories Main steam stop valve: Steam traps: Main steam stop/check valve: It is utilized on multiple boiler installations. 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